The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), established in 1879, is a federal scientific agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior, dedicated to advancing the understanding of Earth's natural resources, hazards, and environmental systems. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, the USGS conducts research and provides impartial data on topics such as geology, hydrology, ecosystems, and natural hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes, serving policymakers, scientists, and the public. Its mission emphasizes delivering actionable science to address challenges like climate change, water management, and disaster preparedness, with key programs including the National Earthquake Information Center and the National Land Imaging Program, which oversees Landsat satellite operations. With approximately 8,000 employees across the U.S., the USGS collaborates globally and domestically to produce critical tools like topographic maps, real-time hazard monitoring, and comprehensive studies, such as the 2025 report on critical mineral resources, to inform sustainable resource management and public safety.